Crude Oil | royalres.ae

Eastern Siberia Pacific Ocean (ESPO) Crude Oil

Russia's ESPO Blend is the flagship crude oil supplied via East Siberia Pacific Ocean (ESPO) pipeline to Asian markets, especially China, South Korea, Vietnam. ESPO is supplied via inland pipelines under long-term contracts as well as seaborne volumes on spot basis.

ESPO crude oil comes from from fields at Tomsk Oblast and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug in Western Siberia.

The existing Omsk-Irkutsk pipeline also links with the ESPO pipeline at Taishet and supplies oil from the provinces of eastern Siberia.

Origin : Russia (West Siberia, East Siberia)
Loading Ports : Vladvostok, Kozmino

Merey 16 Heavy Oil

Merey 16 crude oil is a heavy, upgraded crude oil from Venezuela, with an API gravity of 16 and 3.4% sulfur content, and it's an alternative to the Merey blend.

Here's a more detailed breakdown:

Type: Merey 16 is an upgraded heavy crude oil.
Origin: It comes from Venezuela, specifically from the Orinoco belt.
API Gravity: It has an API gravity of 16.
Sulfur Content: It contains 3.4% sulfur.
Alternative to Merey Blend: It is an alternative to the Merey blend, which is a blend of extra-heavy crude oil from the Orinoco belt and lighter grades.
Recent Exports: The most recent export of Morichal 16 was in January 2019.
PDVSA: PDVSA, Venezuela's state-owned oil company, restarted its Petrocedeño upgrader on June 29, after being shut down since April 2019.

Azeri Light Crude Oil

Azeri Light is produced offshore Azerbaijan in the Caspian Sea from the Chirag and Central Azeri fields. West Azeri began producing in early 2006, East Azeri in 2007, and Deepwater Guneshli in 2008. Production reached 1MBD in 2010. Cargoes are available ex Supsa and Batumi; the Batumi export route commenced June 2005. Crude exported from Batumi is of same quality as that from Supsa.

Density @ 15°C (g/cc) 0.8463 ( API Gravity 35.6)
Total Sulfur (% wt) 0.18
Pour Point (°C) -20
Viscosity @ 20°C (cSt) 9.3
Viscosity @ 40°C (cSt) 5.3
Nickel (ppm) 3.1
Vanadium (ppm) 0.9
Total Nitrogen (ppm) 1057
Total Acid Number (mgKOH/g) 0.48
Mercaptan Sulfur (ppm) 6.5
Hydrogen Sulfide (ppm) 0.0
Reid Vapor Pressure (kPa) 35.1

Supsa Terminal

Located on the Black Sea coast of Georgia, the terminal has a CALM buoy which can accommodate up to 150,000 dwt vessels.

Batumi Terminal

The terminal is located on the Black Sea coast of Georgia, and crude is typically loaded at the CBM. Standard size cargo is 80,000 MT, but has flexibility of smaller or larger cargoes, subject to terminal agreement. Smaller crude vessels can be loaded at the three other berths in the port complex.

Arabia Crude Oil

Saudi Arabia began producing commercial quantities of crude oil in 1938. Since then it has built a reputation for unmatched reliability in supplying crude oil to energy markets around the world. Five different grades of crude oil are produced: Arabian Heavy, Arabian Medium, Arabian Light, Arabian Extra Light, and Arabian Super Light.

Ras Tanura: Ras Tanura is one of the most important industrial cities in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It has the largest oil-exporting terminal in the Kingdom and a major oil refinery, which is the oldest in Saudi Arabia.

Origin : Saudi Arabia (Ghawar, Qatif, Haradh, Safaniyah)
Loading Ports : Ras Tanura, Jubail

Masila Crude Oil

Masila crude oil comes from the Masila Conventional Oil Field in Yemen, which is one of the country's largest oil producing blocks:

Location: The Masila Block is in the central part of Yemen, in the Sayun-Masila Basin.
Operator: Masila Petroleum Exploration and Production (PetroMasila) is the state-owned operator of the Masila Block.
Discovery: Oil was first discovered in the Masila Block in late 1990, and production began in July 1993.
Reserves: The Masila Block has total proved ultimate recoverable oil reserves of nearly 900 million STB.
Pipeline: The Masila-Ash Shihr Oil Pipeline transports crude oil from the Masila Block to the Ash-Shihr Terminal on the Arabian Sea for storage and export.
API gravity: Masila crude has an API gravity of around 34.09.
Sulfur content: Masila crude has a sulfur content of 0.51%

Loading Port:

The Ash Shihr Petroleum Export Terminal is operated by the Masila Petroleum Exploration and Production Company (Petro Masila).
Location: On the southern coastline of the Republic of Yemen, approx. 285 n.m. ENE of Aden.

Fuel Oil

Bunker fuel is a type of fuel oil used in marine vessels, while fuel oil is a general term for any fuel oil:

Bunker fuel

A term for any fuel used in a ship, but typically refers to fuel oil used in marine vessels. The term comes from the coal bunkers on steam ships, where coal was stored. Bunker fuel is characterized by its viscosity, boiling points, and carbon-chain lengths. There are three types of bunker fuel: Bunker A, Bunker B, and Bunker C.

Heavy fuel oil (HFO) is a type of bunker fuel that's a remnant of the petroleum distillation and cracking process. HFO is often used in marine vessels because it's relatively inexpensive compared to cleaner fuel sources. However, HFO is contaminated with compounds like sulfur, nitrogen, and aromatics, which makes it more polluting than other fuel oils when combusted. HFO is also highly toxic when exposed to sunlight and dissolved in water.

A growing number of low sulphur fuel oils (LSFOs) are being marketed as a result of new international rules to reduce the sulphur content of ship fuels. This project aims to strengthen the knowledge base on environmental fate and behaviour of LSFO spills in cold seawater. The project includes laboratory experiments to investigate the effectiveness of combating LSFO spills by in-situ burning and chemical dispersion, and the potential for biodegradation. The results indicated that the LSFOs tested had a limited potential of natural and chemical dispersion, were ignitable and that between 20-50% were biodegraded in cold seawater. Overall, the results indicate that the tested LSFOs likely have a high degree of persistence on the sea surface and shoreline even when chemical dispersion or in-situ burning is attempted.

High Sulfur Fuel Oil (HSFO) is the bottom of the oil barrel with the lowest priced oil product now that is the alternative to using marine fuels with such low sulphur content. The HSFO have a maximum sulphur content of 3.5%.